Java 8 - 流


Stream是Java 8中引入的一个新的抽象层。使用stream,您可以以类似于SQL语句的声明式方式处理数据。例如,考虑以下 SQL 语句。

SELECT max(salary), employee_id, employee_name FROM Employee

上面的 SQL 表达式自动返回最高薪员工的详细信息,而无需在开发人员端进行任何计算。使用Java中的集合框架,开发人员必须使用循环并进行重复检查。另一个问题是效率;由于多核处理器可以轻松使用,Java 开发人员必须编写非常容易出错的并行代码处理。

为了解决此类问题,Java 8 引入了流的概念,使开发人员能够以声明方式处理数据并利用多核架构,而无需为其编写任何特定代码。

什么是流?

Stream 表示来自源的对象序列,支持聚合操作。以下是流的特征 -

  • 元素序列- 流以顺序方式提供一组特定类型的元素。流按需获取/计算元素。它从不存储元素。

  • Source - Stream 将集合、数组或 I/O 资源作为输入源。

  • 聚合操作- Stream 支持聚合操作,如过滤器、映射、限制、减少、查找、匹配等。

  • 管道化- 大多数流操作返回流本身,以便可以管道化它们的结果。这些操作称为中间操作,它们的功能是获取输入、处理输入并将输出返回到目标。collect() 方法是一个终端操作,通常出现在流水线操作的末尾,以标记流的结束。

  • 自动迭代- 流操作在提供的源元素上进行内部迭代,这与需要显式迭代的集合相反。

生成流

在 Java 8 中,Collection 接口有两种方法来生成 Stream。

  • Stream() - 返回一个将集合作为其源的顺序流。

  • parallelStream() - 返回一个并行流,考虑集合作为其源。

List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());

对于每个

Stream 提供了一个新方法“forEach”来迭代流的每个元素。以下代码段显示如何使用 forEach 打印 10 个随机数。

Random random = new Random();
random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);

地图

'map' 方法用于将每个元素映射到其相应的结果。以下代码段使用 map 打印唯一的数字方块。

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);

//get list of unique squares
List<Integer> squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i -> i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());

筛选

“过滤”方法用于根据标准消除元素。以下代码段使用过滤器打印空字符串的计数。

List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");

//get count of empty string
int count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();

限制

“limit”方法用于减小流的大小。以下代码段显示如何使用 limit 打印 10 个随机数。

Random random = new Random();
random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);

已排序

'sorted' 方法用于对流进行排序。以下代码段显示如何按排序顺序打印 10 个随机数。

Random random = new Random();
random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);

并行处理

parallelStream 是用于并行处理的流的替代方案。看一下下面的代码段,它使用并行流打印空字符串的计数。

List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");

//get count of empty string
long count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();

在顺序流和并行流之间切换非常容易。

收藏家

收集器用于组合流元素的处理结果。收集器可用于返回列表或字符串。

List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
String mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);

统计数据

在 Java 8 中,引入了统计收集器来在流处理完成时计算所有统计信息。

List numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);

IntSummaryStatistics stats = numbers.stream().mapToInt((x) -> x).summaryStatistics();

System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());

流示例

使用您选择的任何编辑器(例如 C:\> JAVA)创建以下 Java 程序。

Java8Tester.java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.Map;

public class Java8Tester {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      System.out.println("Using Java 7: ");
		
      // Count empty strings
      List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
      System.out.println("List: " +strings);
      long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings);
		
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
      count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings);
		
      System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
		
      //Eliminate empty string
      List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings);
      System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
		
      //Eliminate empty string and join using comma.
      String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", ");
      System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
      List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
		
      //get list of square of distinct numbers
      List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers);
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19);
		
      System.out.println("List: " +integers);
      System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + getMax(integers));
      System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + getMin(integers));
      System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + getSum(integers));
      System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + getAverage(integers));
      System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
		
      //print ten random numbers
      Random random = new Random();
		
      for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         System.out.println(random.nextInt());
      }
		
      System.out.println("Using Java 8: ");
      System.out.println("List: " +strings);
		
      count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
		
      count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count();
      System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
		
      filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
		
      mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
      System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
		
      squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      System.out.println("List: " +integers);
		
      IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics();
		
      System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
      System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
      System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
      System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());
      System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
		
      random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
		
      //parallel processing
      count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
   }
	
   private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      int count = 0;

      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(string.isEmpty()) {
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
	
   private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      int count = 0;
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(string.length() == 3) {
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
	
   private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>();
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(!string.isEmpty()) {
             filteredList.add(string);
         }
      }
      return filteredList;
   }
	
   private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String separator) {
      StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(!string.isEmpty()) {
            stringBuilder.append(string);
            stringBuilder.append(separator);
         }
      }
      String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString();
      return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2);
   }
	
   private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers) {
      List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
		
      for(Integer number: numbers) {
         Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue());
			
         if(!squaresList.contains(square)) {
            squaresList.add(square);
         }
      }
      return squaresList;
   }
	
   private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers) {
      int max = numbers.get(0);
		
      for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
		
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
			
         if(number.intValue() > max) {
            max = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return max;
   }
	
   private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers) {
      int min = numbers.get(0);
		
      for(int i= 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
		
         if(number.intValue() < min) {
            min = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return min;
   }
	
   private static int getSum(List numbers) {
      int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0));
		
      for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
         sum += (int)numbers.get(i);
      }
      return sum;
   }
	
   private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers) {
      return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size();
   }
}

验证结果

使用javac编译器编译该类,如下所示 -

C:\JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

现在运行 Java8Tester,如下所示 -

C:\JAVA>java Java8Tester

它应该产生以下结果 -

Using Java 7:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9
Random Numbers:
-1279735475
903418352
-1133928044
-1571118911
628530462
18407523
-881538250
-718932165
270259229
421676854
Using Java 8:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9.444444444444445
Random Numbers:
-1009474951
-551240647
-2484714
181614550
933444268
1227850416
1579250773
1627454872
1683033687
1798939493
Empty Strings: 2