Java并发-死锁

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死锁描述了两个或多个线程永远阻塞、互相等待的情况。当多个线程需要相同的锁但以不同的顺序获取锁时，就会发生死锁。Java 多线程程序可能会遇到死锁情况，因为同步关键字会导致执行线程在等待与指定对象关联的锁或监视器时阻塞。这是一个例子。

例子

public class TestThread {
   public static Object Lock1 = new Object();
   public static Object Lock2 = new Object();
   
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      ThreadDemo1 T1 = new ThreadDemo1();
      ThreadDemo2 T2 = new ThreadDemo2();
      T1.start();
      T2.start();
   }
   
   private static class ThreadDemo1 extends Thread {
   
      public void run() {
      
         synchronized (Lock1) {
            System.out.println("Thread 1: Holding lock 1...");

            try {
               Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
            System.out.println("Thread 1: Waiting for lock 2...");

            synchronized (Lock2) {
               System.out.println("Thread 1: Holding lock 1 & 2...");
            }
         }
      }
   }

   private static class ThreadDemo2 extends Thread {
   
      public void run() {
      
         synchronized (Lock2) {
            System.out.println("Thread 2: Holding lock 2...");
            
            try {
               Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
            System.out.println("Thread 2: Waiting for lock 1...");
            
            synchronized (Lock1) {
               System.out.println("Thread 2: Holding lock 1 & 2...");
            }
         }
      }
   } 
}

当您编译并执行上述程序时，您会发现死锁情况，以下是程序产生的输出 -

输出

Thread 1: Holding lock 1...
Thread 2: Holding lock 2...
Thread 1: Waiting for lock 2...
Thread 2: Waiting for lock 1...

上面的程序将永远挂起，因为两个线程都没有到位并等待彼此释放锁，因此您可以通过按 CTRL+C 退出程序。

死锁解决方案示例

让我们更改同一程序的锁定和运行顺序，看看两个线程是否仍在互相等待 -

例子

public class TestThread {
   public static Object Lock1 = new Object();
   public static Object Lock2 = new Object();
   
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      ThreadDemo1 T1 = new ThreadDemo1();
      ThreadDemo2 T2 = new ThreadDemo2();
      T1.start();
      T2.start();
   }
   
   private static class ThreadDemo1 extends Thread {
   
      public void run() {
         
         synchronized (Lock1) {
            System.out.println("Thread 1: Holding lock 1...");
            
            try {
               Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
            System.out.println("Thread 1: Waiting for lock 2...");

            synchronized (Lock2) {
               System.out.println("Thread 1: Holding lock 1 & 2...");
            }
         }
      }
   }

   private static class ThreadDemo2 extends Thread {
      
      public void run() {
         
         synchronized (Lock1) {
            System.out.println("Thread 2: Holding lock 1...");
           
            try {
               Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
            System.out.println("Thread 2: Waiting for lock 2...");

            synchronized (Lock2) {
               System.out.println("Thread 2: Holding lock 1 & 2...");
            }
         }
      }
   } 
}

因此，只需更改锁的顺序即可防止程序陷入死锁情况，并以以下结果完成 -

输出

Thread 1: Holding lock 1...
Thread 1: Waiting for lock 2...
Thread 1: Holding lock 1 & 2...
Thread 2: Holding lock 1...
Thread 2: Waiting for lock 2...
Thread 2: Holding lock 1 & 2...

上面的示例只是为了阐明概念，但是，这是一个复杂的概念，在开发应用程序来处理死锁情况之前，您应该深入研究它。