Flutter - 状态管理

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管理应用程序中的状态是应用程序生命周期中最重要和必要的过程之一。

让我们考虑一个简单的购物车应用程序。

• 用户将使用其凭据登录应用程序。

• 用户登录后，应用程序应在所有屏幕中保留登录的用户详细信息。

• 同样，当用户选择产品并将其保存到购物车中时，购物车信息应在页面之间保留，直到用户签出购物车为止。

• 任何情况下的用户及其购物车信息都称为该情况下应用程序的状态。

根据特定状态在应用程序中持续的持续时间，状态管理可以分为两类。

• 短暂的- 持续几秒钟，如动画的当前状态或单个页面，如产品的当前评级。Flutter通过 StatefulWidget 来支持它。

• 应用程序状态 - 最后是整个应用程序，例如登录的用户详细信息、购物车信息等， Flutter通过scoped_model 支持它。

导航和路线选择

在任何应用程序中，从一个页面/屏幕导航到另一页面/屏幕定义了应用程序的工作流程。处理应用程序导航的方式称为路由。Flutter 提供了一个基本的路由类 - MaterialPageRoute 和两个方法 - Navigator.push 和 Navigator.pop，来定义应用程序的工作流程。

材质页面路由

MaterialPageRoute 是一个小部件，用于通过用特定于平台的动画替换整个屏幕来呈现其 UI。

MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => Widget())

在这里，构建器将接受一个函数，通过提供应用程序的当前上下文来构建其内容。

导航.push

Navigation.push 用于使用 MaterialPageRoute 小部件导航到新屏幕。

Navigator.push( context, MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => Widget()), );

导航.pop

Navigation.pop 用于导航到上一个屏幕。

Navigator.push(context);

让我们创建一个新的应用程序来更好地理解导航概念。

在Android studio中创建一个新的Flutter应用程序，product_nav_app

• 将资产文件夹从product_nav_app复制到product_state_app，并在pubspec.yaml文件中添加资产。

flutter:
   assets: 
   - assets/appimages/floppy.png 
   - assets/appimages/iphone.png 
   - assets/appimages/laptop.png 
   - assets/appimages/pendrive.png 
   - assets/appimages/pixel.png 
   - assets/appimages/tablet.png

• 将默认启动代码（main.dart）替换为我们的启动代码。

import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; 
void main() => runApp(MyApp()); 

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget { 
   // This widget is the root of your application. 
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) { 
      return MaterialApp( 
         title: 'Flutter Demo', 
         theme: ThemeData( 
            primarySwatch: Colors.blue, 
         ), 
         home: MyHomePage(
            title: 'Product state demo home page'
         ),
      );
   }
}
class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
   MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
   final String title;
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return Scaffold(
         appBar: AppBar(
            title: Text(this.title), 
         ), 
         body: Center(
            child: Text('Hello World',)
         ), 
      ); 
   } 
}

• 让我们创建一个 Product 类来组织产品信息。

class Product { 
   final String name; 
   final String description; 
   final int price; 
   final String image; 
   Product(this.name, this.description, this.price, this.image); 
}

• 让我们在 Product 类中编写一个方法 getProducts 来生成虚拟产品记录。

static List<Product> getProducts() {
   List<Product> items = <Product>[]; 
   
   items.add(
      Product( 
         "Pixel", 
         "Pixel is the most feature-full phone ever", 800, 
         "pixel.png"
      )
   ); 
   items.add(
      Product(
         "Laptop", 
         "Laptop is most productive development tool", 
         2000, "
         laptop.png"
      )
   ); 
   items.add(
      Product( 
         "Tablet", 
         "Tablet is the most useful device ever for meeting", 
         1500, 
         "tablet.png"
      )
   ); 
   items.add(
      Product( 
         "Pendrive", 
         "Pendrive is useful storage medium",
         100, 
         "pendrive.png"
      )
   ); 
   items.add(
      Product( 
         "Floppy Drive", 
         "Floppy drive is useful rescue storage medium", 
         20, 
         "floppy.png"
      )
   ); 
   return items; 
}
import product.dart in main.dart
import 'Product.dart';

• 让我们加入我们的新小部件，RatingBox。

class RatingBox extends StatefulWidget {
   @override 
   _RatingBoxState createState() =>_RatingBoxState(); 
} 
class _RatingBoxState extends State<RatingBox> {
   int _rating = 0; 
   void _setRatingAsOne() {
      setState(() {
         _rating = 1; 
      }); 
   } 
   void _setRatingAsTwo() {
      setState(() {
         _rating = 2; 
      }); 
   }
   void _setRatingAsThree() {
      setState(() {
         _rating = 3;
      });
   }
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      double _size = 20; 
      print(_rating); 
      return Row(
         mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end, 
         crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.end, 
         mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.max, 
         children: <Widget>[
            Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: IconButton(
                  icon: (
                     _rating >= 1? 
                     Icon( 
                        Icons.star, 
                        size: _size, 
                     ) 
                     : Icon(
                        Icons.star_border, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                  ), 
                  color: Colors.red[500], 
                  onPressed: _setRatingAsOne, 
                  iconSize: _size, 
               ), 
            ), 
            Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: IconButton(
                  icon: (
                     _rating >= 2? 
                     Icon(
                        Icons.star, 
                        size: _size, 
                     ) 
                     : Icon(
                        Icons.star_border, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                  ), 
                  color: Colors.red[500], 
                  onPressed: _setRatingAsTwo, 
                  iconSize: _size, 
               ), 
            ), 
            Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: IconButton(
                  icon: (
                     _rating >= 3 ? 
                     Icon(
                        Icons.star, 
                        size: _size, 
                     ) 
                     : Icon( 
                        Icons.star_border, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                  ), 
                  color: Colors.red[500], 
                  onPressed: _setRatingAsThree, 
                  iconSize: _size, 
               ), 
            ), 
         ], 
      ); 
   }
}

• 让我们修改 ProductBox 小部件以使用新的 Product 类。

class ProductBox extends StatelessWidget {    
   ProductBox({Key key, this.item}) : super(key: key); 
   final Product item; 
   
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return Container(
         padding: EdgeInsets.all(2), 
         height: 140, 
         child: Card( 
            child: Row(
               mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly, 
               children: <Widget>[ 
                  Image.asset("assets/appimages/" + this.item.image), 
                  Expanded(
                     child: Container(
                        padding: EdgeInsets.all(5), 
                        child: Column(
                           mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly, 
                           children: <Widget>[
                              Text(this.item.name, 
                              style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold)), 
                              Text(this.item.description), 
                              Text("Price: " + this.item.price.toString()), 
                              RatingBox(), 
                           ], 
                        )
                     )
                  )
               ]
            ), 
         )
      ); 
   }
}

让我们重写 MyHomePage 小部件以使用 Product 模型并使用 ListView 列出所有产品。

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget { 
   MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key); 
   final String title; 
   final items = Product.getProducts(); 
   
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) { 
      return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar(title: Text("Product Navigation")), 
      body: ListView.builder( 
         itemCount: items.length, 
         itemBuilder: (context, index) {
            return GestureDetector( 
               child: ProductBox(item: items[index]), 
               onTap: () { 
                  Navigator.push( 
                     context, MaterialPageRoute( 
                        builder: (context) => ProductPage(item: items[index]), 
                     ), 
                  ); 
               }, 
            ); 
         }, 
      )); 
   } 
}

在这里，我们使用 MaterialPageRoute 导航到产品详细信息页面。

• 现在，让我们添加 ProductPage 来显示产品详细信息。

class ProductPage extends StatelessWidget { 
   ProductPage({Key key, this.item}) : super(key: key); 
   final Product item; 
   
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return Scaffold(
         appBar: AppBar( 
            title: Text(this.item.name), 
         ), 
         body: Center(
            child: Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: Column(
                  mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.start, 
                  crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start, 
                  children: <Widget>[
                     Image.asset("assets/appimages/" + this.item.image), 
                     Expanded(
                        child: Container(
                           padding: EdgeInsets.all(5), 
                           child: Column(
                              mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly, 
                              children: <Widget>[
                                 Text(
                                    this.item.name, style: TextStyle(
                                       fontWeight: FontWeight.bold
                                    )
                                 ), 
                                 Text(this.item.description), 
                                 Text("Price: " + this.item.price.toString()), 
                                 RatingBox(),
                              ], 
                           )
                        )
                     )
                  ]
               ), 
            ), 
         ), 
      ); 
   } 
}

应用程序的完整代码如下 -

import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; 
void main() => runApp(MyApp()); 

class Product {
   final String name; 
   final String description; 
   final int price; 
   final String image; 
   Product(this.name, this.description, this.price, this.image); 
   
   static List<Product> getProducts() {
      List<Product> items = <Product>[]; 
      items.add(
         Product(
            "Pixel", 
            "Pixel is the most featureful phone ever", 
            800, 
            "pixel.png"
         )
      );
      items.add(
         Product(
            "Laptop", 
            "Laptop is most productive development tool", 
            2000, 
            "laptop.png"
         )
      ); 
      items.add(
         Product(
            "Tablet", 
            "Tablet is the most useful device ever for meeting", 
            1500, 
            "tablet.png"
         )
      ); 
      items.add(
         Product( 
            "Pendrive", 
            "iPhone is the stylist phone ever", 
            100, 
            "pendrive.png"
         )
      ); 
      items.add(
         Product(
            "Floppy Drive", 
            "iPhone is the stylist phone ever", 
            20, 
            "floppy.png"
         )
      ); 
      items.add(
         Product(
            "iPhone", 
            "iPhone is the stylist phone ever", 
            1000, 
            "iphone.png"
         )
      ); 
      return items; 
   }
}
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
   // This widget is the root of your application. 
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return MaterialApp(
         title: 'Flutter Demo', 
         theme: ThemeData( 
            primarySwatch: Colors.blue, 
         ), 
         home: MyHomePage(title: 'Product Navigation demo home page'), 
      ); 
   }
}
class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
   MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key); 
   final String title; 
   final items = Product.getProducts(); 
   
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return Scaffold(
         appBar: AppBar(title: Text("Product Navigation")), 
         body: ListView.builder( 
            itemCount: items.length, 
            itemBuilder: (context, index) { 
               return GestureDetector( 
                  child: ProductBox(item: items[index]), 
                  onTap: () { 
                     Navigator.push( 
                        context, 
                        MaterialPageRoute( 
                           builder: (context) => ProductPage(item: items[index]), 
                        ), 
                     ); 
                  }, 
               ); 
            }, 
         )
      ); 
   }
} 
class ProductPage extends StatelessWidget {
   ProductPage({Key key, this.item}) : super(key: key); 
   final Product item; 
   
   @override 
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return Scaffold(
         appBar: AppBar(
            title: Text(this.item.name), 
         ), 
         body: Center(
            child: Container( 
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: Column( 
                  mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.start, 
                  crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start, 
                  children: <Widget>[ 
                     Image.asset("assets/appimages/" + this.item.image), 
                     Expanded( 
                        child: Container( 
                           padding: EdgeInsets.all(5), 
                           child: Column( 
                              mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly, 
                              children: <Widget>[ 
                                 Text(this.item.name, style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold)), 
                                 Text(this.item.description), 
                                 Text("Price: " + this.item.price.toString()), 
                                 RatingBox(), 
                              ], 
                           )
                        )
                     ) 
                  ]
               ), 
            ), 
         ), 
      ); 
   } 
}
class RatingBox extends StatefulWidget { 
   @override 
   _RatingBoxState createState() => _RatingBoxState(); 
} 
class _RatingBoxState extends State<RatingBox> { 
   int _rating = 0;
   void _setRatingAsOne() {
      setState(() {
         _rating = 1; 
      }); 
   }
   void _setRatingAsTwo() {
      setState(() {
         _rating = 2; 
      }); 
   } 
   void _setRatingAsThree() { 
      setState(() {
         _rating = 3; 
      }); 
   }
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      double _size = 20; 
      print(_rating); 
      return Row(
         mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end, 
         crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.end, 
         mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.max, 
         children: <Widget>[
            Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: IconButton(
                  icon: (
                     _rating >= 1 ? Icon( 
                        Icons.star, 
                        size: _size, 
                     ) 
                     : Icon( 
                        Icons.star_border, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                  ), 
                  color: Colors.red[500], 
                  onPressed: _setRatingAsOne, 
                  iconSize: _size, 
               ), 
            ), 
            Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: IconButton( 
                  icon: (
                     _rating >= 2 ? 
                     Icon( 
                        Icons.star, 
                        size: _size, 
                     ) 
                     : Icon( 
                        Icons.star_border, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                  ), 
                  color: Colors.red[500], 
                  onPressed: _setRatingAsTwo, 
                  iconSize: _size, 
               ), 
            ), 
            Container(
               padding: EdgeInsets.all(0), 
               child: IconButton(
                  icon: (
                     _rating >= 3 ? 
                     Icon( 
                        Icons.star, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                     : Icon( 
                        Icons.star_border, 
                        size: _size, 
                     )
                  ), 
                  color: Colors.red[500], 
                  onPressed: _setRatingAsThree, 
                  iconSize: _size, 
               ), 
            ), 
         ], 
      ); 
   } 
} 
class ProductBox extends StatelessWidget {
   ProductBox({Key key, this.item}) : super(key: key); 
   final Product item; 
   
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
      return Container(
         padding: EdgeInsets.all(2), 
         height: 140, 
         child: Card(
            child: Row(
               mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly, 
               children: <Widget>[ 
                  Image.asset("assets/appimages/" + this.item.image), 
                  Expanded( 
                     child: Container( 
                        padding: EdgeInsets.all(5), 
                        child: Column( 
                           mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly, 
                           children: <Widget>[ 
                              Text(this.item.name, style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold)), Text(this.item.description), 
                              Text("Price: " + this.item.price.toString()), 
                              RatingBox(), 
                           ], 
                        )
                     )
                  ) 
               ]
            ), 
         )
      ); 
   } 
}

运行应用程序并单击任一产品项。它将显示相关的详细信息页面。我们可以通过单击后退按钮转到主页。应用程序的产品列表页面和产品详细信息页面如下所示 -