R - 矩阵
矩阵是 R 对象,其中元素排列成二维矩形布局。它们包含相同Atomics类型的元素。虽然我们可以创建一个仅包含字符或仅包含逻辑值的矩阵,但它们没有多大用处。我们使用包含数字元素的矩阵来进行数学计算。
矩阵是使用matrix()函数创建的。
句法
在 R 中创建矩阵的基本语法是 -
matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
以下是所使用参数的描述 -
data是输入向量,它成为矩阵的数据元素。
nrow是要创建的行数。
ncol是要创建的列数。
byrow是一个逻辑线索。如果为 TRUE,则输入向量元素按行排列。
dimname是分配给行和列的名称。
例子
创建一个矩阵,以数字向量作为输入。
# Elements are arranged sequentially by row. M <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE) print(M) # Elements are arranged sequentially by column. N <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = FALSE) print(N) # Define the column and row names. rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4") colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3") P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(rownames, colnames)) print(P)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它会产生以下结果 -
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 4 5 [2,] 6 7 8 [3,] 9 10 11 [4,] 12 13 14 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 7 11 [2,] 4 8 12 [3,] 5 9 13 [4,] 6 10 14 col1 col2 col3 row1 3 4 5 row2 6 7 8 row3 9 10 11 row4 12 13 14
访问矩阵的元素
可以使用元素的列索引和行索引来访问矩阵的元素。我们考虑上面的矩阵 P 来找到下面的特定元素。
# Define the column and row names. rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4") colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3") # Create the matrix. P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(rownames, colnames)) # Access the element at 3rd column and 1st row. print(P[1,3]) # Access the element at 2nd column and 4th row. print(P[4,2]) # Access only the 2nd row. print(P[2,]) # Access only the 3rd column. print(P[,3])
当我们执行上面的代码时,它会产生以下结果 -
[1] 5 [1] 13 col1 col2 col3 6 7 8 row1 row2 row3 row4 5 8 11 14
矩阵计算
使用 R 运算符对矩阵执行各种数学运算。运算的结果也是一个矩阵。
运算中涉及的矩阵的维度(行数和列数)应该相同。
矩阵加法和减法
# Create two 2x3 matrices. matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow = 2) print(matrix1) matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow = 2) print(matrix2) # Add the matrices. result <- matrix1 + matrix2 cat("Result of addition","\n") print(result) # Subtract the matrices result <- matrix1 - matrix2 cat("Result of subtraction","\n") print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它会产生以下结果 -
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 -1 2 [2,] 9 4 6 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 5 0 3 [2,] 2 9 4 Result of addition [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 8 -1 5 [2,] 11 13 10 Result of subtraction [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] -2 -1 -1 [2,] 7 -5 2
矩阵乘法和除法
# Create two 2x3 matrices. matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow = 2) print(matrix1) matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow = 2) print(matrix2) # Multiply the matrices. result <- matrix1 * matrix2 cat("Result of multiplication","\n") print(result) # Divide the matrices result <- matrix1 / matrix2 cat("Result of division","\n") print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它会产生以下结果 -
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 -1 2 [2,] 9 4 6 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 5 0 3 [2,] 2 9 4 Result of multiplication [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 15 0 6 [2,] 18 36 24 Result of division [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 0.6 -Inf 0.6666667 [2,] 4.5 0.4444444 1.5000000