Swift - 泛型


Swift 4 语言提供“通用”功能来编写灵活且可重用的函数和类型。泛型用于避免重复并提供抽象。Swift 4 标准库是使用泛型代码构建的。Swift 4 的“数组”和“字典”类型属于泛型集合。在数组和字典的帮助下,数组被定义为保存“Int”值和“String”值或任何其他类型。

func exchange(a: inout Int, b: inout Int) {
   let temp = a
   a = b
   b = temp
}

var numb1 = 100
var numb2 = 200

print("Before Swapping values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")
exchange(a: &numb1, b: &numb2)
print("After Swapping values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

Before Swapping values are: 100 and 200
After Swapping values are: 200 and 100

通用函数:类型参数

通用函数可用于访问任何数据类型,例如“Int”或“String”。

func exchange<T>(a: inout T, b: inout T) {
   let temp = a
   a = b
   b = temp
}
var numb1 = 100
var numb2 = 200

print("Before Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")
exchange(a: &numb1, b: &numb2)
print("After Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")

var str1 = "Generics"
var str2 = "Functions"

print("Before Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")
exchange(a: &str1, b: &str2)
print("After Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

Before Swapping Int values are: 100 and 200
After Swapping Int values are: 200 and 100
Before Swapping String values are: Generics and Functions
After Swapping String values are: Functions and Generics

函数exchange()用于交换上面程序中描述的值,<T>用作类型参数。第一次调用函数交换()以返回“Int”值,第二次调用函数交换()将返回“字符串”值。尖括号内可以包含多个参数类型,并用逗号分隔。

类型参数按用户定义命名,以了解其所保存的类型参数的用途。Swift 4 提供 <T> 作为泛型类型参数名称。然而,像数组和字典这样的类型参数也可以命名为键、值,以标识它们属于“字典”类型。

struct TOS<T> {
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }
}

var tos = TOS<String>()
tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Naming Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

let deletetos = tos.pop()

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

[Swift 4]
[Swift 4, Generics]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters, Naming Type Parameters]

扩展泛型类型

扩展 stack 属性以了解该项目的顶部包含在“extension”关键字中。

struct TOS<T> {
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }
}
var tos = TOS<String>()
tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Naming Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

extension TOS {
   var first: T? {
      return items.isEmpty ? nil : items[items.count - 1]
   }
}
if let first = tos.first {
   print("The top item on the stack is \(first).")
}

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

["Swift 4"]
["Swift 4", "Generics"]
["Swift 4", "Generics", "Type Parameters"]
["Swift 4", "Generics", "Type Parameters", "Naming Type Parameters"]
The top item on the stack is Naming Type Parameters.

类型约束

Swift 4 语言允许“类型约束”来指定类型参数是否继承自特定类,或者确保协议符合标准。

func exchange<T>(a: inout T, b: inout T) {
   let temp = a
   a = b
   b = temp
}
var numb1 = 100
var numb2 = 200

print("Before Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")
exchange(a: &numb1, b: &numb2)
print("After Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")

var str1 = "Generics"
var str2 = "Functions"

print("Before Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")
exchange(a: &str1, b: &str2)
print("After Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

Before Swapping Int values are: 100 and 200
After Swapping Int values are: 200 and 100
Before Swapping String values are: Generics and Functions
After Swapping String values are: Functions and Generics

相关类型

Swift 4 允许在协议定义中通过关键字“linkedtype”声明关联类型。

protocol Container {
   associatedtype ItemType
   mutating func append(item: ItemType)
   var count: Int { get }
   subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
struct TOS<T>: Container {
   // original Stack<T> implementation
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }
   
   // conformance to the Container protocol
   mutating func append(item: T) {
      self.push(item: item)
   }
   var count: Int {
      return items.count
   }
   subscript(i: Int) -> T {
      return items[i]
   }
}
var tos = TOS<String>()
tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Naming Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

[Swift 4]
[Swift 4, Generics]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters, Naming Type Parameters]

Where 子句

类型约束使用户能够定义与泛型函数或类型关联的类型参数的要求。为了定义关联类型的要求,“where”子句被声明为类型参数列表的一部分。“where”关键字紧接在类型参数列表之后,后跟关联类型的约束、类型与关联类型之间的相等关系。

protocol Container {
   associatedtype ItemType
   mutating func append(item: ItemType)
   var count: Int { get }
   subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
struct Stack<T>: Container {
   // original Stack<T> implementation
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }

   // conformance to the Container protocol
   mutating func append(item: T) {
      self.push(item: item)
   }
   var count: Int {
      return items.count
   }
   subscript(i: Int) -> T {
      return items[i]
   }
}
func allItemsMatch<
C1: Container, C2: Container
where C1.ItemType == C2.ItemType, C1.ItemType: Equatable>
(someContainer: C1, anotherContainer: C2) -> Bool {
   // check that both containers contain the same number of items
   if someContainer.count != anotherContainer.count {
      return false
   }
   
   // check each pair of items to see if they are equivalent
   for i in 0..<someContainer.count {
      if someContainer[i] != anotherContainer[i] {
         return false
      }
   }
   // all items match, so return true
   return true
}  
var tos = Stack<String>()

tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Where Clause")
print(tos.items)

var eos = ["Swift 4", "Generics", "Where Clause"]
print(eos)

当我们使用 Playground 运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果 -

[Swift 4]
[Swift 4, Generics]
[Swift 4, Generics, Where Clause]
[Swift 4, Generics, Where Clause]